Modern computers use different types of memory to balance speed and cost.
The ISA is the vocabulary of the computer—the boundary between hardware and software. The book provides a lucid explanation of instruction formats, addressing modes, and the difference between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers). By using examples from popular architectures like MIPS or ARM (often referenced in academic contexts), the text demystifies how high-level code translates into machine instructions. basic computer architecture smruti r. sarangi pdf