NGS technologies (Illumina, Ion Torrent) can sequence millions of DNA fragments simultaneously in a single run. What once took a decade (the first human genome) now takes a day.

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For over a century, the field of microbiology was defined by a fundamental limitation: we could only study what we could grow. The classic method of streaking a sample onto an agar plate, incubating it, and observing colonies by eye was the gold standard for identifying and characterizing microbes. However, this approach—known as culture-dependent microbiology—only scratched the surface. It is estimated that less than 1% of bacterial species in nature can be cultivated in a laboratory setting. The other 99% remained a "microbial dark matter," invisible to science.