: Using upper and lower bound theories to estimate the power required for various deformation processes. Friction Models
The Avitzur model shows that if the die angle is too small, you need a very long die (increasing friction). If the die angle is too large, you waste energy through redundant shear deformation. The falls in the middle. Without Avitzur’s analysis, a toolmaker might guess the angle; with it, they can calculate it precisely. This reduces tool wear, improves surface finish, and lowers energy costs. metal forming processes and analysis b. avitzur pdf
The book includes various applications and case studies of metal forming processes, including: : Using upper and lower bound theories to