is the cornerstone of modern technology. From the smartphone in your pocket to the massive generators in a hydroelectric dam, every electrical innovation rests on a foundation of fundamental principles. Whether you are a first-year engineering student, a budding hobbyist, or a professional looking to refresh your knowledge, understanding the core concepts of voltage, current, resistance, and power is essential.

An electrical circuit is a path through which electric current flows. It consists of a power source, such as a battery or generator, and one or more load devices, such as resistors, capacitors, or inductors. There are two main types of electrical circuits: