| Dimension | Public Administration 1.0 | Public Administration 2.0 | |-----------|----------------------------|-----------------------------| | | Hierarchical, siloed departments | Flat, networked, cross-functional teams | | Decision-making | Rule-based, slow approval chains | Data-informed, delegated autonomy | | Citizen role | Client or applicant | Co-designer and partner | | Technology | IT as support tool (e.g., legacy systems) | AI, cloud, IoT as infrastructure of governance | | Performance metric | Compliance with inputs/processes | Outcome-based and user satisfaction | | Risk culture | Risk-averse, liability-focused | Intelligent risk-taking, fail-fast for pilots | | Time horizon | Annual budgets, 5-year plans | Sprint cycles, adaptive strategy |
The study and practice of how governments operate has never been static. From the ancient bureaucracies of China and Egypt to the rigid hierarchies of the early 20th century, the machinery of the state has constantly adapted to the shifting needs of society. Today, we stand firmly in the era of —a transformative phase that redefines the relationship between the state and its citizens. public administration 2
Blockchain or distributed ledger technology (DLT) can render procurement, land registries, and benefit disbursements immutable and auditable by any citizen. PA 2.0 uses DLT not for cryptocurrency speculation but for trust without intermediaries —reducing corruption and administrative discretion. | Dimension | Public Administration 1